Organization Behavior Multicultural Diverse Countries

Reflection paper - Essay Example The talk investigates different Chinese lines and how individuals relocated and settled inside China and past. Initially, West examined the Han Dynasty, which was composed around the sovereign. During this period, there was enormous development of individuals into the realm, spreading out into Central Asia. There was a noteworthy resettlement in the territory. West at that point progressed to the Tang Dynasty, where he gave a reasonable discussion about how the line dislodged the Turks, who initially involved Central Asia, driving them further toward the north into Tibet and toward the south of Vietnam. The Silk Road, which went along steppes and deserts, gave a channel that the Turks used to arrive at their new territories of settlement. West additionally continues to the Song administration, which existed from 960-1126, denoting the finish of medieval period and the introduction of free enterprise. It is from this talk it turned out to be obvious to me that the Manchus rose up out of the Southern Song. West contended that the biggest movement throughout the entire existence of China included relocation from North to South to the swamps. The talk uncovered that the Chinese had their expansionist philosophy and procedure obstructed in Northern Asia just as Central Asia. During the time spent persistent relocation of the Chinese more profound into south, there was broad collaboration of societies. Notwithstanding the way that Europe was extending during this time, the main individuals who communicated with the Europeans were the Mongols. The Monkey King shows characteristics, for example, perseverance, which empowers him to effectively move through his excursion toward the West. His savvy can be seen in the situations where he investigates different intends to get toward the West, where he even uses mists as vehicle to cover 180, 000 miles in the in an epic range of one somersault. The professor’s address is an eye opener into the exceptionally ritualized Chinese society, which the â€Å"Journey toward the West† centers around. West uncovered the thinking about the

Seed Tree and Shelterwood Harvesting Methods

Seed Tree and Shelterwood Harvesting Methods Indeed matured Harvesting Methods Many tree species don't endure significant shade during the beginning periods of advancement. These stages incorporate early seedling germination, advancement and sapling development stable enough to contend in mid-canopy. These tree species must have some light for recovering and guaranteeing future even-matured represents that species. The greater part of these timber types are for the most part coniferous with a couple of special cases. Monetarily significant trees that need light to normally recover another remain of similar species makes up a significant piece of even-matured gathering plans by foresters. The conceptive administration of these trees in North America incorporates jack pine, loblolly pine, longleaf pine, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, cut pine. Outstanding narrow minded hardwood species incorporate numerous significant business oaks in addition to yellow-poplar and sweetgum. A few reforestation frameworks and reaping techniques can be utilized to make even-matured stands.â While explicit medications change over the U.S. by tree species and atmosphere, the essential frameworks are clearcutting, seed tree and shelterwood. Shelterwood Indeed matured stands must recover underneath the shade gave by develop trees left from the past stand.  It is a significant gather conspire utilized in all areas of the United States. This incorporates recovering loblolly pine in the South, Eastern white pine in the Northeast and ponderosa pine in the West. Setting up a normal shelterwood condition could incorporate three potential sorts of cuttings: 1) a primer slice may be made to choose high yielding trees to leave for seed creation; 2) a foundation cut can be made that readies an uncovered soil seed-bedâ as well as trees that give seed not long before seed fall; as well as 3) an expulsion cut of overstory seed trees that have built up seedlings and saplings however would be in rivalry whenever left to grow.â Thus, a shelterwood collect would be done to leave seed-delivering trees consistently all through the remain, in gatherings, or strips and, contingent upon seedâ crop and species, can have somewhere in the range of 40 and 100 yield trees.â As with seed tree harvests,â shelterwoodsâ are in some cases interplanted to enhance characteristic seeding.â Red and white oak, the southern pines, whiteâ pine,â and sugar maple are instances of tree species that might be recovered utilizing the shelterwood reaping strategy. Here are explicit shelterwood terms that further clarify this gathering technique: Shelterwood Cut - Removing trees on theâ harvestâ area in a progression of at least two cuttings so new seedlings can develop from the seed of more seasoned trees. This technique delivers an even-matured woods. Shelterwood Loggingâ -Method of gathering timber with the goal that chose trees stay dispersed all through the tract to give seeds to recovery and sanctuary for seedlings. Shelterwood Systemâ -An even-agedâ silvicultural conspire in which another stand is set up under the insurance of an incomplete shade of trees. The develop stand is commonly evacuated in a progression of at least two cuts, the last leaving another even-matured stand that is very much evolved. Seed Tree The seed tree reforestation strategy leaves sound, develop trees with a decent cone crop (normally 6 to 15 for every section of land) in the current remain to give seed to recovering another remain of trees.â Seed trees are regularly evacuated after recovery is set up, particularly when seedling levels are critical enough toâ stand some logging misfortunes. It isn't unordinary for a backwoods administrator toâ leave the seed trees for untamed life or feel targets. Be that as it may, the essential target of a seed tree recovery collect is to give a characteristic seed source. Counterfeit planting of nursery seedlings might be utilized to enhance territories where characteristic seeding was not adequate.â White pine, the southern pines and a few types of oak might be recovered utilizing the seed tree reaping strategy. Clearcutting Evacuating in a solitary cutting the entirety of the overstory trees in a remain to build up another substitute a without shade condition is known as a reasonable or clean cut collect. Contingent upon species and geography, reforestation can occurâ by normal seeding, direct seeding, planting, or growing. See my component on clearcutting: The Debate Over Clearcutting Every individual obvious zone is a unit where recovery, development, and yield are observed and overseen explicitly for wood creation. That doesn't imply that all trees will be cut. Certain trees or gatherings of trees might be left for untamed life, and support strips are kept up to ensure streams, wetlands, and uncommon zones. Regular tree species recovered utilizing clearcutting incorporate the southern pines, Douglas-fir, red and white oak, jack pine, white birch, aspen, and yellow-poplar.

Information Technology Dissertations - Internet Media - Free Essay Example

Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Multimedia streaming over internet is getting its revolutionary in the communication, entertainment and interactive game industries. The web now becomes a popular medium for video streaming since the user does not have to wait to download a large file before seeing the video or hearing the sound. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream and is played as it arrives. It can integrate all other media formats such as text, video, audio, images and even live radio and TV broadcasts can all be integrated and delivered through a single medium. These applications may require in terms of bandwidth, latency and reliability than traditional data applications to support the growth of multimedia technology in the future [1]. The transportation of multimedia traffic over networks become more complicated because multimedia is becoming cheaper and cheaper and therefore used more and more. Problems with bearing multimedia flows on networks are mainly related to the bandwidth they require and to the strict maximum delay requirements that must be met [2]. This is important when multimedia applications have to provide users with real-time interaction. Because of the rapid growth of Internet usage and the requirement of different applications, the IPv4 is no more relevant to support the future networks. Many new devices, such as mobile phones, require an IP a ddress to connect to the Internet. Thus, there is a need for a new protocol that would provide new services. To overcome to these problems, a new version of Internet Protocol has been introduced. This is called Internet Protocol next generation (IPng or IPv6), which is designed by the IETF [3] to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 is designed to solve the problems of IPv4. It does so by creating a new version of the protocol which serves the function of IPv4, but without the same limitations of IPv4. IPv6 is not totally different from IPv4. The differences between IPv6 and IPv4 are including in five major areas which is addressing, routing, security, configuration and support for mobile devices [4]. Like all the development and new inventions, the problems of current Internet Protocol made researcher to develop some new techniques to solve these problems. Even they have tried to make some changes on the current protocol, these changes still didn t help a much. So, at the end the way came to development of a new protocol which is known as IPv6 or IPng. 2.2 OSI 7 Layer Computer networks are complex dynamic systems and difficult task to understand, design, and implement a computer network. Networking protocols need to be established for low level computer communication up to how application programs communicate. Each step in this protocol is called a layer and divided into several layers simplifies the solution. The main idea behind layering is that each layer is responsible for different tasks. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers [5]. 1. Physical Layer. This layer deals, for instance, with conversion of bits to electrical signals, bit level synchronization. 2. Data Link Layer. It is responsible for transmitting information across a link, detecting data corruption, and addressing. 3. Network Layer. The layer enables any party in the network to communicate with each other. 4. Transport Layer. It establishes reliable communication between a pair in the system, deals with lost and duplicated packets. 5. Session Layer. This layer is responsible for dialogue control and changing. 6. Presentation Layer. The main task of this layer is to represent data in a way convenient for the user. 7. Application Layer. Applications in this case include Web browsing, file transferring, etc. The Network Layer is the layer that is the most interesting in the context of this project. The following section gives a better view of this layer. 2.3 Network Layer As was mentioned before, this layer is responsible for enabling the communication between any party. The most used method for transporting data within and between communications networks is the Internet Protocol (IP). 2.3.1 Internet Protocol IP is a protocol that provides a connectionless, unreliable, and best-efforts packet delivery system. More details on these network service types are given below [5]. In a connectionless model the data packets are transferred independently from all others and containing full source and the destination address. It is worth mentioning that another type is the connection oriented model. However, the connection-oriented model and its details are beyond the scope of this project and thus will not be pursued in this report. The reader can consult [5] for further information on this type of service. Unreliable delivery means that packets may be lost, delayed, duplicated, delivered non-consecutively (in an order other than that in which they were sent), or damaged in transmission. 2.4 Internet Protocol Version 4 As we know, IPv4 is the current protocol for communication on the Internet. It is the protocol that underlies most communication on networks today, such as TCP/IP and UDP/IP. The largest weakness of IPv4 is its address space [7]. Each IPv4 address only have 32 bits and consists of two parts, defined as network identifier and host identifier [5]. A standard method of displaying an IPv4 address is as decimal value of four octets, each separated a period, for example: 192.168.2.5. Traditionally [6], IP addresses are presented by classfull addressing. 5 classes of address were created, which is A to E. Class A consists of 16,777,214 hosts while class B consists of 65,534 hosts and class C consists of 254 hosts. Class D is reserved for use with multicasting and class E is a block of IP addresses reserved for future use [7]. The class D and E addresses are not used to address public host, so this leaves the rest of the entire range of IP addresses carved up into classes A C. As soon as a site is connected to the Internet, it needs to be given an entire class C. Assuming that many sites only need one or two addresses then this waste over 200 addresses. Once a site reaches over 254 full addressable machines it would need an entire class B, which would waste over 65,000 addresses and so on. This allocation system is obviously insufficient and wastes much of a limited resource. 2.4.1 Header Header is a part of the IP packet[5]. There is a number of fields in an IPv4 header. Below are the some explanations for each field. 2.4.2.1 Version This field (4-bit long) is used to determine the version of IP datagram that is considered. For IPv4 it is set to 4. 2.4.2.12 Internet Header Length (IHL) The Internet Header Length is the length of the header. 2.4.2.3 Type of Service Theoretically, this field (1 octet long) should indicate something special about the protocol. However, it has never really been used. 2.4.2.4 Total Length Total is the le ngth of data in the fragment plus the header. 2.4.2.5 Identification This field is useful for fragmentation only. Its purpose is to enable the destination node to perform reassembly. This implies that the destination node must know which fragments belong to each other, i.e. the source, destination, and protocol fields should match. 2.4.2.6 Offset Offset indicates the point at which this fragment belongs in the reassembly packet. The field is related to fragmentation mechanism and has similar vulnerabilities as the identification field. 2.4.2.7 Time to Live TTL measures the time duration of the datagram presence in a network. This guarantees that no datagram exists forever in the network. 2.4.2.8 Protocol This field identifies the transport protocols, for example UDP or TCP. Since the field contains an arbitrary value that indicates some protocol, encapsulation of one datagram into another (IP tunneling) is possible. 2.4.2.9 Header Checksum The checksum is used to detect transmission errors. However, this field was removed in IPv6. 2.4.2.10 Source Address. This field specifies the source address. 2.4.2.11 Destination Address The destination address (4 octets long) is specified in this field. No attacks related to this field are known. 2.4.2.12 Options The field (variable size) was designed to improve the IP communication. There are several options defined for this field. Among them are: security, source routing, and route recording. 2.4.2.13 Padding The field (variable size) is used to fill the IP header with zeros if the header length is less than 32 bits. 2.5 Internet Protocol Version 6 IPv6 is a new version that is specified in RFC2460 [5] to overcome the weakness of the current protocol in certain aspect. It uses a 128 bit long address field which is 4 times longer than Ipv4 addresses. This size of address space removes one of the worst issues with IPv4 and IPv6 doesnt have classes of addresses. In general, IPv4 and IPv6 have a similar in their basic framework and also many differences. At a first view, there are obviously differences in the addresses between IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 addresses range from 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff. In addition to this preferred format, IPv6 addresses may be specified in two other shortened formats: Omit leading zeros Specify IPv6 addresses by omitting leading zeros. For example, IPv6 address 1050:0000:0000:0000:0005:0600:300c:326b may be written as 1050:0:0:0:5:600:300c:326b. Double colon Specify IPv6 addresses by using double colons (::) in place of a series of zeros. For example, IPv6 address ff06:0:0:0:0:0:0:c3 may be written as ff06::c3. Double colons may be used only once in an IP address. The IPv6 addresses are similar to IPv4 except that they are 16 octets long. A critical fact to be observed is that the present 32-bit IP addresses may be accommodated in IPv6 as a special case of IPv6 addressing. The standard representation of IPv6 addresses is a hexadecimal value of 16-bit each separated by a colon. Not only does IPv6 have different address representation, but it also discards the previous concept of network classes. The 6-byte addresses are very popular in the 802 LANs. The next generation of LANs will use 8-byte address space specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) [9]. Thus, the IPv6 addresses should be 8 bytes long. 2.5.1 IPv6Header Some of  IPv4 header fields excluded in IPv6, and some of  them has been made optional. As a result of this the packet processing time and packet header size is reduced. The header consists of two parts, which are: the basic IPng header and IPng extension headers. 2.5.2.1 Version Th is field (4-bit long), same as in IPv4 case, is used to determine the version of IP datagram and is set to 6 in the present case. This field is the same in both versions. The reasoning for this is that these two protocols should coexist during the transition period. 2.5.2.2 Flow Label This field is 20 bits long and, as yet, there is no specific functionality assigned to it. 2.5.2.3 Payload Length Only IPv6 has this field. Since the header length is constant in IPv6, just one field is needed. This field replaces IHL and Total Length fields in IPv4. It carries information about the length of data (the headers are not included). 2.5.2.4 Next Header Next Header field replaces the Protocol field in the IPv4 header. 2.5.2.5 Hops limit This field is a hop count that decrements. This field redefines the Time to Life field present in IPv4. 2.5.2.6 Source Address The source address is indicated by this field (16 octets long). No attacks related to this field have been experienced. 2.5.2.7 Destination Address This field (16 octets long) specifies the destination address. No attacks related to this field are known. IPv6 brings major changes to the IP header. IPv6s header is far more flexible and contains fewer fields, with the number of fields dropping from 13 to 8. Fewer header fields result in a cleaner header format and Quality of Service (QoS) that was not present in IPv4. IP option fields in headers have been replaced by a set of optional extensions. The efficiency of IPv6s header can be seen by comparing the address to header size. Even though the IPv6 address is four times as large as the IPv4 address, the header is only twice as large. Priority traffic, such as real time audio or video, can be distinguished from lower priority traffic through a priority field [8]. Based on the [27] experiment, it clearly show the brake-down of the various headers in both IPv4 and IPv6, it is evident that the overhead incurred is minimal be tween IPv4 and IPv6. In theory, the performance overhead between these two protocols is so minimal that the benefits of IPv6 should quickly overshadow the negatives. Table 1: Packet breakdown and overhead incurred by header information 2.6 Streaming Overview In recent years, there has been major increasing in multimedia streaming application such as audio and video broadcast over internet. The increasing number of internet subscribers with broadband access from both work and home enables multimedia applications with high quality can be delivered to the user. However, since the best effort internet is unreliable with a high packet lost and inconsistency in packet arrival, it does not provide any QoS control. This is a crucial part when dealing with real-time multimedia traffic. The multimedia streaming is a real-time application includes audio and video which is stored in stream server and streamed its content to client upon request. The example includes continuous media server, digital library, and shopping and entertainment services. Prior to streaming, video was usually downloaded. Since, it took a long time to download video files, streaming was invented with the intention of avoiding download delays and enhancing user experience . In streaming, video content is played as it arrives over the network, in the sense that there is no wait period for a complete download. Real-time streaming has a timing constraint such that the data are played continuously. If the packet data are not arrive in time, the playback is paused and will cause the in smoothness in multimedia presentation and its definitely annoying to the user. Because of this factor, multimedia streaming require isochronous processing and QoS [10] from end to end view. The lack of QoS has not prevented the rapid growth of real-time streaming application and this growth is expected to continue and multimedia traffic will form a higher portion of of the internet load. Thus, the overall behavior of these applications will have a significant impact on the other internet traffic. 2.7 Downloading Versus Streaming Application Basically downloading applications such as FTP involve downloading a file before it is viewed by a user. The examples of multimedia downloading applications are downloading an MP3 song to an IPod or any portable device, downloading a video file to a computer via P2P application such as BitTorrent. Downloading is usually a simple and easiest way to deliver media to a user. However, downloading has two potentially important disadvantages for multimedia applications. First, a large buffer is required whenever a large media file such as MPEG-4 movie is downloaded. Second, the amount of time required for the download can be relatively large, (depends on the network traffic), thereby requiring the user to wait minutes or even hours before being able to view the content. Thus, while downloading is simple and robust, it provides only limited flexibility both to users and to application designers. In contrast, in the streaming mode actually is by split the media bit stream into separate packet which can be transmitted independently. This enables the receiver to decode and play back the parts of the bit stream that are already received. The transmitter continues to send multimedia data packet while the receiver decodes and simultaneously plays back other, already received parts of the bit stream. This enables low delay between the current data is sent by the transmitter to the moment it is viewed by the user. Low delay is of paramount importance for interactive applications such as video conferencing, but it is also important both for video on demand, where the user may desire to change channels or programs quickly, and for live broadcast, but the delay must be finite. Another advantage of streaming is its relatively low storage requirements and increased flexibility for the user, compared to downloading. However, streaming applications, unlike downloading applications, have deadlines and other timing requirements to ensure continuous real-time media play out. This leads to new challenges for designing communication systems to best support multimedia streaming applications. [12] 2.8 Standard/Protocols for Streaming A good streaming protocol is required to achieve a quality of continuous playback in multimedia streaming over the internet with the short delay when a user downloading a multimedia content over the internet. The streaming protocol provides a service such as transport, and QoS control mechanism including quality adaptation, congestion control and error control. The streaming protocol is built on the top of network level protocol and the transport level protocol. The multimedia streaming protocol is based on IP network and â€Å"User Datagram Protocol† (UDP) is mainly used, despite of some streaming application using TCP. Like TCP, UDP is a transport layer protocol, but UDP is a connectionless transport protocol. UDP does not guarantee a reliable transmission and in order arrival packet. Under UDP also, there is no guarantee that is packet will arrive to its destination [16]. The UDP packet may get lost in the network when there is a lot of network traffic. Therefore, UDP is not suitable for data packet transfer where a guarantee delivery is important.UDP is never used to send important data such as webpage, database information, etc; UDP is commonly used for streaming audio and video. Streaming media such as Windows Media audio files (.WMA), Real Player (.RM), and others format use UDP because it offers speed. The reason UDP is faster than TCP is because there is no form of flow control or error correction. The data sent over the Internet is affected by collisions, and errors will be present. Remember that UDP is only concerned with speed. This is the main reason why streaming media is not high quality. However, UDP is the ideal transport layer protocol for streaming application which the priority is to transfer the packet from the sender to its destination and does not contribute any delay which is the result of the transmission of lost packets. Since UDP does not guarantee in packet delivery, the client needs to rely Real time Transport Protoco l (RTP) [10]. The RTP provides the low-level transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as video or audio, over multicast or unicast services The RTP standard consists of two elementary services, transmitted over two different channels. One of them is the real-time transport protocol which carries the data and the other works as control and monitor channel named RTP control protocol (RTCP) [13]. RTP packets are encapsulated within UDP datagrams. This step incorporates a high throughput and efficient bandwidth usage. The RTP data packets contain a 12 byte header followed by the payload, which can be a video frame, set of audio samples etc. The header includes a payload type indicating the kind of data contained in the packet (e.g. JPEG video, MP3 audio, etc), a timestamp (32 bits), and a sequence number to allow ordering and loss detection of RTP packets [11]. According to the standard [14], the transport of RTP streams can use both UDP and TCP tr ansport protocols, with a strong preference for the datagram oriented support offered by UDP. The primary function of RTCP is to provide feedback on the quality of the data distribution. The feedback may be directly useful for control of adaptive encodings along with fault diagnostics in the transmission. In summary, RTP is a data transfer protocol while RTCP is control protocol. The Real-time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [25] is a client-server signaling system based on messaging in ASCII format. It establishes procedures and controls, either one or more time-synchronized streams continuous media such as audio and video. The protocol is intentionally similar in syntax and operation to HTTP and therefore hires the option of using proxies, tunnels and caches. RTSP and works well both for large audiences, and single-viewer media-on-demand. RTSP provides control functionality such as pause, fast forward, reverse and absolute positioning and works much like a VCR remote control. The nec essary additional information in the negotiation is conducted in the Session Description Protocol (SDP), sent as an attachment of RTSP appropriate response [13]. The Requirement for Multimedia Application Various multimedia applications have different requirements for QoS describes in the following QoS parameters such as throughput, delay, delay variation (jitter) and packet loss. In most cases, the application of QoS requirements can be determine by the user which are the factors that affect the quality of applications [17]. For example, from experimenting concluded that acceptable quality, one-way delay requirements for interactive voice should be less than 250 ms. This delay includes the value of the delays imposed on all components of the communication channels, as a source of delay, transmission delays, delays in the network and the determination of the delay. There are some factors which affect QoS application requirements such as interactive and noninteractive applications, User/Application characteristics (delay tolerance and intolerance, adaptive and nonadaptive characteristics) and application criticality (Mission-critical and non-mission-critical applications) [15]. The t hree types for this application requirement will be discuss in next section. 2.10.1 Interactive and Noninteractive Applications An interactive application involves some form of between two parties such as people-to-people, people-to-machine or machine-to-machine. An example of interactive applications is: People-to-people application such as IP telephony, interactive voice/video, videoconferencing People-to-machine application such as Video-on-demand (VOD), streaming audio/video Machine-to-machine application: Automatic machine control The time elapsed between interactions is essential to the success of an interactive application. The degree of interactivity determines the level of severity or delay the requirement. For example, interactive voice applications, which involve human interaction (conversation) in real time, are stringent requirements of delay (in order of milliseconds). Streaming (play), video applications involve less interaction and do not require real-time response. Applications streaming, therefore, are more relaxed requirements of delay (in order of seconds). Often applications tolerance delay is determined by users tolerance delay (ie, higher delay tolerance leads to more relaxed delay requirements). Jitter delay is also related to QoS support for interactive tasks. The delay jitter can be corrected by de-jittering techniques buffer. However, the buffer introduces delay in the original signal, which also affects the interactivity of the task. In general, an application with strict requirements delay also has a strict delay jitter requirements [15]. 2.10.2 Tolerance and Intolerance Tolerance and intolerance also one of the key that affect in QoS parameter values require by the user. Latency tolerance and intolerance determines the strictness of the delay requirement. As we already mentioned, streaming multimedia applications are more latency tolerant than interactive multimedia applications. The level of latency tolerance extremely depends based on users satisfaction, expectation, and the urgency of the application such as mission critical. Distortion tolerance to the commitment of the application quality depends on users satisfaction, users expectation, and the application media types. For example, users are more tolerant to video distortion than to audio distortion. In this case, during congestion, the network has to maintain the quality of the audio output over the quality of the video output [15]. 2.10.3 Adaptive and Nonadaptive Characteristics Adaptive and nonadaptive aspects mostly describe the mechanisms invoked by the applications to adapt to QoS degradation and the common adaptive techniques are rate adaptation and delay adaptation. Rate adaptive application can adjust the data rate injected into the network. During network congestion, the applications reduce the data rate by dropping some packets, increasing the codec data compression, or changing the multimedia properties. This technique may cause degradation of the perceived quality but will keep it within acceptable levels. Delay-tolerant adaptive applications are tolerate to a certain level of delay jitter by deploying the de-jittered buffer or adaptive playback technique. Adaptation is trigged by some form of implicit or explicit feedback from the network or end user [15]. 2.10.4 Application Criticality Mission-critical aspects reflect the importance of application usage, which determines the strictness of the QoS requirements and Failing the mission may result in dis astrous consequences. For example: Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs): The Traffic controller is responsible to guide the pilot for direction, takeoff and landing process. Life and death of the pilot and passenger may depend on the promptness and accuracy of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. E Banking system: The failure of this system may lead to the losses to the bank and user is unable to make an online transaction (view account summary, account history, transaction status, manage cheques and transfer funds online) and to make a online payment ( loans, bills, and credit card) and other transaction. 2.10.6 Examples of Application Requirements Video applications can be classified into two groups: interactive video (i.e., video conferencing, long-distance learning, remote surgery) and streaming video (i.e., RealVideo, Microsoft ASF, QuickTime, Video on Demand, HDTV). As shown in table 2, video applications bandwidth requirements are relatively high depending on the video codec. Video codec Bandwidth Requirement Uncompressed HDTV 1.5 Gbps HDTV 360 Mbps Standard definition TV (SDTV) 270Mbps Compressed MPEG2 25-60 Mbps Broadcast quality HDTV 19.4 Mbps MPEG 2 SDTV 6 Mbps MPEG 1 1.5 Mbps MPEG 4 5 kbps 4 Mbps H.323 (h.263) 28 kbps 1 Mbps Table 2 : Video Codec Bandwidth Requirement [15] 2.11 Packet Delay Delay has a direct impact on users satisfaction. Real-time media applications require the delivery of information from the source to the destination within a certain period of time. Long delays may cause incidents such as data missing the playback point, which can degrade the quality of service of the application. Moreover, it can cause user frustration during interactive tasks. For example, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) considers network delay for voice applications in Recommendation G.114 and defines three bands of one-way delay as shown in table 2. Range in Millisecond (ms) Description 0 150 Acceptable for most user application. 150 400 Acceptable provided that administrators are aware of the transmission time and the impact it has on the transmission quality of user applications. 400 Unacceptable for general. However in certain cases this limit exceeds. Table 3: Standard for delay limit for voice In the data transmission process, each packet is moving from its source to its destination. The process of data transmission usually starts with a packet from a host (source), passes through a several series of routers, and reaches at another host (destination). The packet usually may expose from several different types of delay at each node along the path while it is traveling form one node (host or router) to another node (host or router). The most important of these delays are the nodal processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay; together these delays accumulate to give the total nodal delay [18]. 2.11.1 Types Of delay As a part of end -to-end route between source and destination, packet is sent from upstream node through router A to router B. When the packet arrives at router A , router A examines the packets header in order to place it in appropriate link. Then router A directs it to that pa rticular link. Processing Delay: This delay requires time to consider the package of header and to determine the direction of the packet is part of the processing delay. Processing delays may include other factors such as the time needed to check for errors in the bit level package that occurred in the transmission of the packet of bits from upstream unit to router A. delays in processing high-speed routers are usually in the order of microseconds or less. Then nodal processing, router directs the packet that precedes a link to router B. Queuing Delay (buffering): On the queue, a packet experience queue delay, as it waits to be transferred to the link. The queue delay of a package, will depend on the number of previously-arriving packets are pending and awaiting transfer to the link. The delay of a certain packets can vary greatly from the packet to the packet. If the queue is empty, and no other packets are being transferred, then the packet, the queue delay is zero. On the o ther hand, if the traffic is heavy and many other packages are also ready to be transferred row will be a long delay. In queue delays may be on the order of microseconds to milliseconds in practice. Transmission Delay: Assuming that packets are transmitted in first-come-first served (FIFO) manner, as is common in packet-switched networks, our packet can be transmitted only after all before the packets are sent. Denote the length of the packet by L bits, and denote the transmission rate of the link from router A to router B by R bits/sec. The rate R is determined by the transmission rate of the link to router B. For example, for a 10 Mbps Ethernet link, the rate is R = 10 Mbps; for a 100 Mbps Ethernet link, the rate is R = 100 Mbps. The transmission delay (also called the store-and-forward delay, is L/R. This is the amount of time to push (that is, transfer) all the packets of bits into the link. Transmission delay, typically on the order of microseconds to milliseconds in practic e. Propagation Delay: Once a bit is pushed into the connection, it needs to spread the router B. The time required to propagate from the beginning of connection to the router B is the propagation delay. A bit propagates the speed of propagation of the link. The propagation speed depends on the physical link (ie, fiber optic, twisted pair of copper wires, and so on) and is in the range of 2 †¢ 108 meters/sec to 3 †¢ 108 meters/sec which is equal to, or slightly less, the speed of light. The propagation delay is the distance between two routers divided by the propagation speed. That is, the propagation delay is d/s, where d is the distance between router A and router B and s is the propagation speed of the link. Once the last bit of the packet propagates to node B, it and all the preceding bits of the packet are stored in router B. The whole process then continues with router B now performing the forwarding. In wide-area networks, propagation delays are on the order of milliseconds. If we let dproc, dqueue, dtrans, and dprop denote the processing, queuing, transmission, and propagation delays, then the total nodal delay is given by dnodal = dproc+ dqueue + dtrans + dprop. The contribution of these delay components can vary significantly. 2.11.2 End to end delay Multimedia streaming require bound to bound delay so that multimedia data packet can arrive at the client in time to be decode and played. The definition of end to end delay for a streaming system. Ti is the transmission time of packet i from the server. PLi is the play out time of packet i in the player. Ai is the arrival time of packet i. If packet i arrive in time, it is used for the playback. However if packet i does not arrive in time, it cannot used for the playback and will cause a multimedia dropout problem. The outcome of the multimedia dropout is a deprivation of the multimedia playback because the streaming buffer does not have enough playtimes in which the conten t can be played. Furthermore, if the multimedia packet arrives too slowly and beyond a delay bound, then it will not be used in real time playback. As a result, such a packet are rendered useless even though they have successfully arrived at the client and such multimedia data packets are waste of network resources, and create a congested network traffic [10]. 2.11.3 Delay Jitter Multimedia streaming require a bound end to end delay in order to provide a continuous and smooth multimedia playback to users. However, the end to end delay may varies with the network condition. Therefore it is unpredictable and difficult to control. If the end to end delay is not bounded, it will causes a delay jitter problem. Figure 9 above shows the packet arrival time in the client buffer. PLi is the layout time of packet i while Ai is the arrival time of packet i to the client buffer. EAi is the expected arrival time of packet i. This is related to the end to end delay of a streaming packet tra nsferred from the server to the client. The delay can be defined as the difference between the arrival time Ai and expected arrival time EAi, i.e. Ji = |Ai EAi| The delay jitter problem complicated the synchronization problem between packets from a single media stream, or between packet from a different media stream. When there is too much delay jitter when streamed over the network renders the stream is useless when received by the client and this leads to degradation in the QoS. This is because it is difficult to re-adjust the timing relationship between multimedia packets from the same/several media stream so as to ensure a synchronized playback of information. The conflicting goals in minimizing delay and removing delay jitter have engendered various scheme capable of adapting a delay jitter buffer size that match the time varying requirement of the network delay jitter removal [10]. There are several techniques to deal with with delay jitter at the receiver end [12]. As shown in Figure 10, the packets travel through the network and experience different end-to-end delays, reaching the destination with timing distortions (incomplete or delayed signal) relative to the original traffic. For example, in technique A, the receiver playbacks the signal as soon as the packets arrive. The playback point is changed from the original timing reference. This introduces distortion in the playback signal. In technique B, the receiver playbacks the signal based on the original timing reference. The late packets that miss the playback point will be ignored. This also introduces distortion. In technique C a de-jittered buffer is used. All packets will be stored in the buffer and held for some time (offset delay) before they are retrieved by the receiver with the original timing reference. The reliability of the signal will be maintained as long as there are packets available in the buffer. Large delay jitter requires large buffer space to hold the packets and smoo th out the jitter. A large buffer may lead to large delays, which will be eventually constrained by the application delay requirement. In summary, there is a tradeoff between the following three factors: de-jittered buffer space, delay requirement, and fidelity of the playback signal. The other alternative is by using gateway and data method for minimizing the increase of delay by dejitterizing [20]. A gateway for interconnecting two network, may comprised: a receiver for receiving from a first network a plurality of data units in at least one form; a controller for temporary storing the data units received by the receiver and for outputting the data units on the basis of the dejitterizing capability of destination terminal served by a second network, thereby reducing jitter among delays of the data units; and transmitter for sending data units to the output by the controller to the destination terminal through the second network. 2.12 Quality Of service (QoS) And Technical Issues in Multimedia Networks QoS is used to describe overall experience an application or a user will receive over network and usually referring to network operator or Internet service provider (ISP) commitment in providing and maintaining acceptable value of parameter or characteristic of user application requirement and user expectation [16]. Providing QoS guarantee sometimes can be difficult in networks that offer best effort service such as internet. IP does not guarantee about when data will arrive, or how much data it can deliver. â€Å"According the recommendation of the Telecommunication standardization sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), Quality of Service is defined as â€Å"the collective effect of service performance which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of that serviceâ€Å"[21]. QoS has become an issue when designing multimedia streaming system. QoS parameters have to be presented in all components in such systems, from an application to a communication lev el in order to insure a certain level of QoS to a user. An element of a generalized QoS framework have been identified such as OoS principles, QoS specification which is capturing applications QoS requirements, and QoS mechanisms which provide desired end-to-end QoS. As we already mentioned, a different system such as application and network is formulated in different parameter. Thus it is a crucial to interpret user/application QoS into network. Like in video streaming, it has different bit rates and a relation between bit rate of a stream and required bandwidth to carry the stream is obvious e.g. the higher bit rate, the higher bandwidth is needed. These applications have tight resource requirements and can benefit from non-interference to provide forms of progress guarantees. Video stream places high demands for QoS, performance, and reliability on storage servers and communication networks. The necessary traffic management components to support QoS are [22]: Admission control: The admission control component takes into account resource reservation requests and the available capacity to determine whether to accept a new request with its QoS requirements. Scheduling: The scheduling component provides QoS by allocating resources depending on the service requirements. This requires mapping the user-defined QoS requirement to resource allocations for providing the service. Resource management: QoS can be provided using over-provisioning of a network, which increases the cost incurred by the provider. Efficient resource management is a cost-effective solution for the provider and it ensures that applications will get the specified QoS during the course of its execution. Congestion control: Congestion control is required to avoid anything bad from happening inside a network domain. Some applications may not follow the standard protocol description and try to steal resources, thereby deteriorating the QoS of other applications. Mechanisms are needed to recover from congestion and control flows accordingly. Policing/Shaping: Users might send traffic at a rate higher than the agreement. Policing is necessary to monitor these situations, and shaping makes the traffic smooth and reduces its variations over time IP version 6 also includes QoS measures which were developed for IP version 4 but the principles are most the same. QoS makes use of both the Traffic Class and Flow Label headers to categorize network traffic into different priority groups [29]. The Flow Label header is used to uniquely identify a â€Å"flow† of IP packets, such as those belonging to a specific connection. Each flow label is unique per Source and Destination address pair. This allows QoS levels to be requested on a per-flow basis, rather than per individual packet, giving the potential for the sender to request special handling for time-critical data [28]. 2.12.1 End To End QoS Service Level Service levels refer to the end-to-end QoS capabilities, which means that the ability of a network for providing specific services required by the traffic on the network end or alongside. The services vary in their level of quality of service discipline, which describes how the service can be bound by specific ban dwidth, delay, jitter and loss characteristics. There are three levels of QoS services and can be categorize as follows [15] [23]: 2.12.1.1 Quantitative (Guaranteed Services/IntServ) Quantitative (guaranteed) services also call hard QoS, ensure the provision of the quantitative application requirements. The main protocol that works with this architecture is the Reservation Protocol (RSVP) which has a complicated operation and also inserts significant network overhead [26]. This is an absolute the reservation of network resource for specific traffic. The services guaranteed to ensure the performance of network (i.e. bandwidth, delay, delay jitter), in statistical terms or deterministic. For example, networks to guarantee the minimum bandwidth provided to guarantee an application or bound to delay the delivery of packages within a certain value and suitable for applications that guarantee overall performance as mission critical and interactive applications [15]. 2.12.1.12 Qua litative (Differentiated Services/DiffServ) Qualitative (differentiated) services, also called as soft QoS, provide statistical preference not a hard and fast guarantee. DiffServ architecture is more flexible and efficient as it tries to provide Quality of Service via a different approach [26]. Some traffic is treated better delay to one class of applications than to another class of applications. An application that belongs to a higher priority class will receive service before applications that belong to a lower priority class. 2.12.1.13 Best Effort Services (Lack of QoS Service) Make the greatest efforts to provide network services, without any guarantees of performance. All traffic treated equally. Service is adequate for data traffic such as FTP, e-mail and web pages. It does not require a minimum bandwidth or time delivery. 2.13 QoS Parameter Certain applications can tolerate some degree of traffic loss while others cannot. All these requirements are expressed using QOS parameters which are usually grouped according to several criteria. The Qos parameter below may relevant in multimedia application: Throughput (bandwidth) Delay Delay variation (jitter) Packetloss 2.13.1 Throughput (Bandwidth) From the application point of view, throughput or bandwidth basically refers to the data rate (bits per second) generated by the application. Throughput is measured in the number of bits per second. Bandwidth is considered to be the network resource that needs to be properly managed and allocated to applications. The throughput required by an application depends on the application characteristics. For example, in a streaming video application, different video properties generate different throughput (see table 1). A user can select the video quality by varying the following video properties such as frame size (pixel), frame rate (number of frame per second), colour depth (possible colors represented by a pixel) and compression (MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4) [15]. 2.13.2 Delay As we already discuss in section 2.11, Delay has a direct impact on users satisfaction. Real-time media applications require the delivery of information from the source to the des tination within a certain period of time. Long delays may cause incidents such as data missing the playback point, which can degrade the quality of service of the application. The delay consists of four types which is processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay and propagation delay (refer to section 2.11.1 for explanation). 2.13.3. Delay Variation (jitter) As we already covered about this subtopic, refer to section 2.11.3 for explanation. 2.13.4 Packet Loss Packet loss has directly impact the overall quality of the application. It undermines the reliability of data or disrupts the service. At the network level, packet loss can be caused by network congestion, which results in data packets. Another cause of the loss is caused by bit errors that occur because of a communication channel noise such as in a wireless medium channel. There are several techniques identify to recover from packet loss or error such as retransmission packages, the correction of errors in t he physical layer, or codec to the application layer, which may offset or conceal the loss [15]. 2.14 Congestion-Management Congestion management use marking on each packet to determine in which queue to place packets, mechanisms queuing algorithms each interface must have a queuing mechanism to prioritize transmission of packets.â€Å"Queuing algorithms take effect when congestion is experienced. By definition, if the link is not congested, then there is no need to queue packets. In the absence of congestion, all packets are delivered directly to the interface† [23]. Congestion may occur at any point where there re-points of speed mismatches, aggregation or confluence, queuing manages congestion to provide bandwidth and delay guarantees. Congestion management is sophisticated queuing technology, there are algorithms of queuing or congestion management QoS features: FIFO (first in, first out) PQ (priority queuing) WFQ (weighted fair queuing) WRR(weight round robin) 2.14.1 FIFO (First-in-First-Out) First-in-First-Out (FIFO) is probably the simplest queuing strategy: all packets are stored in a single queue in the order of their arrival and are served sequentially, regardless which QoS requirements they have. FIFO provides best effort service [15] and there is no service differentiation is possible and, therefore, no advantage can be taken from the lower QoS demand of tolerant traffic in order to increase the link utilization [24]. 2.14.2 PQ (priority queuing) PQ ensures that important traffic gets the fastest handling at each point where it is used. It was designed to give strict priority to important traffic. In PQ, each packet is placed in one of four queues—high, medium, normal, or low—based on an assigned priority. Packets that are not classified by this priority list mechanism fall into the normal queue [23]. The queues with higher priorities are served exhaustively before queues with lower priority. In particular, the tail of the waiting time distribution can be non-exponential because a majority of high priority traffic can delay low priority traffic extensively [24]. 2.14.3 WFQ (weighted fair queuing) Weight Fair Queue schedules packets based on the weight ratio of each queue [15]. â€Å"WFQ is one of Ciscos premier queuing techniques†. It is a flow-based queuing algorithm that creates bit-wise fairness by allowing each queue to be serviced fairly in terms of byte count. For example, if queue 1 has 100-byte packets and queue 2 has 50-byte packets, the WFQ algorithm will take two packets from queue 2 for every one packet from queue 1. This makes service fair for each queue: 100 bytes each time the queue is serviced [23]. WFQ ensures that queues do not starve for bandwidth and that traffic gets predictable service. Low-volume traffic streams which comprise the majority of traffic receive increased service, transmitting the same number of bytes as high-volume streams. WFQ is d esigned to minimize configuration effort, and it automatically adapts to changing network traffic conditions. [23]. 2.13.4 WRR (weight round robin) Round Robin (RR) takes turns for servicing its queues and every queue receives the same share of bandwidth. With WRR, weights are assigned to the queues and some queues can be served more frequently by prescribing. a serving cycle. The network capacity is shared among queues 0 and 1 with a ratio of 2:1 by using the serving cycle 0-0-1. If a queue has nothing to send, the next queue in the cycle is served [24].

The Privacy World s Version Of An Oil Spill - 1497 Words

Every few weeks, we learn about another data breach. It s the privacy world s version of an oil spill. A hacker breaks into a company and grabs a database of our personal details. They re sold on the black market, and the exposure puts us at higher risk of fraud and identity theft. Information protection is something you do, not something you buy. It is not a policy to put in place and forget. Information security requires a strong process and effective technologies, all based on a sound understanding of the business the organization is in and how it performs that business. These days, criminal hacking is a business, everything that is done has a chain linked to real dollars. And hackers are looking for the shortest chain. Take the recent Target hack, which leaked the personal data of 110 million customers. The breach reportedly began as an email-based phishing scheme. Although the retailer s consumer-facing website is well defended, hackers were reportedly able to gain access into Target s corporate network by using stolen authentication credentials from a subcontractor that dealt primarily in air conditioning. Someone in that subcontractor s office clicked something bad. Another victim was Home Depot. The stolen username and password did not give the criminals direct access to Home Depot s payment system. But it did give the hackers access to a part of the company s network from where they could deploy malware on self-checkout systems in stores in the U.S. andShow MoreRelatedCNPC CSR report25861 Words   |  104 PagesGuideline on Fulfilling Social Responsibility by Central Enterprises issued by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. We also referred to the Sustainability Reporting Guideline (G3.1) published by Global Reporting Initiative, Oil and Gas Industry Guidance on Voluntary Sustainability Reporting (2010) co-published by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association and the American Petroleum Institute, ISO26000 Guidance on Social Responsibility ,Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility10163 Words   |  41 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY By Lori S. Mohr-Corrigan, For The Paper Store -  © October 1999 VISIT www.paperwriters.com/aftersale.htm -- for more information on using this paper properly! Because society is fundamentally based upon performance and profit, it is not unusual to find that it is necessary to impart a sense of corporate social responsibility with regard to contemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose, principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance;Read MoreChild Health and Well Being4425 Words   |  18 Pagesother than a parent or caregiver. Obtaining affordable, quality child daycare, especially for children under age 5, is a major concern for many parents. Childcare can range from single-night babysitting to daily childcare for working parents. Child s health includes physical, mental and social well-being. Most parents know the basics of keeping children healthy, like offering them healthy foods, making sure they get enough sleep and exercise and insuring their safety. Well-being refers to all aspectsRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 Pageshigh-speed data communication networks that span the globe enables companies to integrate geographically distant manufacturing and research facilities, link international financial markets, and even provide customer service from halfway around the world. GLOBALIZATION Offshore outsourcing is one of the manifestations of the trend toward globalization— blurring of geographic barriers—that is accelerated by information technology. Well-educated English-speaking employees residing in countries likeRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages The global financial crisis and economic recession have challenged some assumptions about globalization and economic integration, but they have also underscored the interconnected nature of global economies. Most countries and regions around the world are inextricably linked, yet profound differences in institutional and cultural environments persist. The challenges for international management reflect this dynamism and the increasing unpredictability of global economic and political events. ContinuedRead MoreBusiness Ethics9512 Words   |  39 Pagesduring each week of my learning inside and outside the class. Thus I would like to call my report with a title called â€Å"Concepts and Cases†. The process of creating my portfolio will be interesting journey if I add more real life cases after each week‟s concepts. This report will cover 12 we eks of Business ethics seminar topics. The following are the main topics that we discussed in the lectures: 1. Introduction to business ethics 2. Ethical issues in business 3. Ethical theories and how to use themRead MoreNanotech 1AC Essay13565 Words   |  55 Pagesï » ¿1AC Version 1.0 Observation 1: SQ Observation One: The Status Quo First, Nano Development in Mexico is on the rise – it’s unregulated and risks spinning out of control Inter Press Service 2k12 (Tierramà ©rica, â€Å"MEXICO: Scientists Call For Regulation of Nanotechnology,† 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=engidnews=3920olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramà ©rica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in Mexico, could pose serious threats to human healthRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish theirRead MoreComplete Guide to Ethics Management: an Ethics Toolkit for Managers10784 Words   |  44 Pagesbusiness ethics contain sensationalistic stories about businesses gone bad or prolonged preaching to businesses to do the right thing. These resources often explore simplistic ethical questions, such as Should Jane steal from the company? The real world of leaders and managers is often much more complex than that. This guide is a straightforward and highly practical tool designed to help leaders and managers implement comprehensive ethics management systems in their workplaces -- systems to dealRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 PagesEach ad in the business magazine will be read by 1,000 recent M.B.A.’s and 300 lawyers with hot tubs. Fact 3: Each ad in the consumer publication will be read by 300 recent M.B.A.’s and 250 lawyers who own hot tubs. Fact 4: Nobody reads more than one ad, and nobody who reads one magazine reads the other. (a) If Harry spends his entire advertising budget on the business publication, his ad will be read by 10,000 recent M.B.A.’s and by 3,000 lawyers with hot tubs. (b) If he spends his entire

Mgmt 5590 Final - 3153 Words

MNGT 5590 Fall2, 2010 Final Exam Even though this is a take-home final exam, it is not an open book/open note exam. Please complete it using only the vast knowledge you have acquired from class/studying and retained in your brain. This stuff means something only if you have cognitively processed it and absorbed it. There are 2 parts to the exam – a case with questions and some general questions. Remember: †¢ there is no credit given for filler †¢ lots of credit for organized concise thought †¢ legible typing (no fancy fonts) †¢ proper grammar and sentence structure counts †¢ and (of course) use of stuff we learned in class (books or class discussion) Also remember, repeating the question in the answer to make†¦show more content†¦Enron’s annual stockholder meeting in January 2001 was a study in corporate egotism. Executives met at a San Antonio, Texas hill country resort, and champagne and cigars were free for the taking. At this meeting, Lay boldly asserted that he expected Enron to become â€Å"the world’s greatest company.† On February 5, special bonus checks worth tens of millions of dollars were prepared for Enron executives. However, in what might have been the first outward sign of the trouble to come, Lay resigned as CEO in February 2001, keeping his position as chairman of the board, while Skilling was tapped to be his replacement. On the surface, Enron had the appearance of assured success, but underneath, a tangled web of deceit was slowly emerging. Fortune writer Bethany McLean, who has covered Enron extensively, prepared an article titled â€Å" Is Enron Overpriced?† in March 2001 , when the stock was valued at $80 per share, near its $90 per share high. The article, in part, noted, â€Å"The company remains largely impenetrable to outsiders, as even some of its admirers are quick to admit. Start with a pretty straightforward question: How exactly does Enron make its money? Details are hard to come by because Enron keeps many of the specifics confidential for what it terms ‘competitive’ reasons. The numbers that Enron does present are often extremely complicated. Even quantitatively minded Wall Streeters who scrutinize the company for a living think so.†Show MoreRelatedBudget Analysis I | GHIAL 2012 Essay2255 Words   |  10 Pagesexpenses. g. Your primary areas will be: i. Total revenue before CA ii. Total revenue after CA iii. Total operating costs iv. Capital costs v. Net accrual income vi. Add capital costs vii. Less cash capital costs viii. CASH FLOW 3. Your final insight will be the Summary Per Diem Case Study Assignment Part I Course: HA599 Unit: 2 Points: 75 Analysis Assignment As the health care administrator/manager of GHIAL you need to calculate all the rates as you were to review above onRead MoreBudget Analysis III | JKL CCRC Facility Essays3578 Words   |  15 Pageswords. Thanks! Budget Analysis III | JKL CCRC Facility This is your third and final budget analysis which is much more detailed in the aspect it relates to a Continuing Care Retirement Center (CCRC) that means it offers a vast array of health care services to a specific population. During this analysis you are continuing the process of per patient day (PPD) rates and utilize this information for your final Administrative Review. Efficiency in healthcare operations is becoming an increasingly

Values and Attitudes of The Teachers Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Values and Attitudes of The Teachers. Answer: Introduction In this essay the values and attitudes of the teachers that impact their teaching practices have been evaluated. It can be mentioned that family plays a key role in instilling the moral values in individuals. In my opinion the values of honesty and integrity are essential qualities of teacher and the same are inculcated in them by their family. It is important to mention that teachers should be free from biasness and prejudices about different communities and cultures of a society (Brookfield, 2017).. In my opinion, it can be said that a teacher should accept students from diverse backgrounds and communities and should treat them equally. Teachers should also be supportive of citizenship education of children (Ichilov, 2013). Family: Values, Attitudes and Influences that impact teaching practices In my belief just as students come from diverse family backgrounds, the same can be said about teachers. The family values of a teacher have impacts on his teaching and his mentality as well just as family values influence students (Bowes et al., 2012). The values of morality and the understanding of right and wrong are inculcated in the minds of a teacher just as the same are inculcated in the minds of a student by their families. In my belief being raised in a morally upright family has impacted my decisions later in life as a teacher. I believe that the value of honesty and integrity of a teacher is a primary and essential quality of a teacher (Stephens, 2015). The values of honesty and integrity and honesty are inculcated in the minds of people at a very early age. It is also important to mention that teachers should not lose hope in the students and give them chances for improvement. In my belief, being raised in a tolerant and understanding family helps teachers to respect stud ents and try to help them in every way possible as the learning capacity of students vary greatly from one another. I believe that a teacher should take responsibility for the performance of his students. A teacher who does not respect his students does not earn the respect of his students in return (Banks, 2015). According to me it is important to state that being raised in a disciplined yet not a very strict family has helps a teacher realize the subtle difference between the two. It has also helped me ensure that as a teacher I can influence my students to be disciplined in life. Thus in my opinion it would rightful to say that my values and attitudes about teaching practices have helped me ensure that I treat every student equally irrespective of their learning capabilities, their backgrounds and their merits. I as a childhood teacher aim to provide education to the students which are not only theoretical in nature but also practical and morally upright. However, in my opinion I believe my values and attitudes have certain limitations. There are some children who need special attention and therefore treating them like all other students will not help them improve academically. Special care and attention needs to be provided to them. Communities: Values, Attitudes and Influences that impact teaching practices A teacher has certain responsibilities as a teacher acts as a role model for the students. The values and attitudes of teachers are communicated to students. Therefore it is important to mention that teachers should be free from biasness and prejudices about different communities and cultures of a society. In my opinion, it can be said that a teacher should accept students from diverse backgrounds and communities and should treat them equally. A teacher should be well aware of the cultures of the different communities and should be tolerant to them. The teacher should respect the cultural differences of the students. In my opinion, a teacher should communicate with the families of students from diverse backgrounds to have a better understanding of the cultures of the community (Gay, 2013). The teacher should be able to address the needs of the students of different communities. In my belief a teacher should promote tolerance of different communities and cultures by teaching about in the same class rooms. It can be said that the views and attitudes of teachers are generally reflected on the students and can be very helpful to make students realize that they are not only a part of a single community but a part of the much bigger global community. Creating a community map by a teacher can be helpful in making the students understand the different resources that are available within the community. It can be noted that much of what every individual learns is through practical and real world experiences instead of theoretical classroom knowledge. Therefore it can be stated that teachers should be devise curriculums which would impart practical knowledge and better understanding of different communities of the world to the students (Harris Russell et al., 2016). It can be mentioned that such curriculums should include all the stakeholders of a society. Students should be taken on community walks and should be encouraged to interact with the different members of the society. It is only through this approach can community-school partnerships be built. In my belief, tolerant and respectful attitudes of teachers towards different communities of a society will help them remove prejudices from the minds of the students. To promote intercultural communication interactions between teachers, students and their parents should be encouraged by the teachers. The teachers should hold parent t eacher meetings to educate the students about the different family traditions and different cultures of the society. The teachers can help the students realize different family structures that exist in a community and respect them. Teachers should promote anti bias education to students to help remove any prejudice from the mind of the students. Citizenship: Values, Attitudes and Influences that impact teaching practices In my belief teachers should be supportive of childrens citizenship education. It can be mentioned that education about citizenship should be imparted to children from an early age. A teacher should aim to educate students about citizenship of a nation and human rights associated to it (Willemse et al., 2015). The children should be taught to have a clear understanding of the institutions and functioning of a country. The teacher must ensure that the relationships between the citizens and the government of the country are clearly explained to the student (Bailey, 2014). It can be mentioned that children are given some rights but however are denied certain other rights. In my opinion a teacher should have in-depth knowledge of the rights of the children. According to the Australian Human Rights commission it is to be mentioned that the children have been granted some rights so as to prevent their exploitation and abuse (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2017). It can be noted that t he Convention of Children Rights is the major international treaty that governs the rights of the child. In my opinion it can be said that the children should be free to express their views on matters that affect them. Children should be given all the rights that are ensured in the Convention on Rights of Child (Archard, 2014). According to my opinion, all children irrespective of their citizenships should be given the same rights and no discrimination should be done on the basis of the citizenships of children. In my opinion it can be said that the teachers should educate children about the rights of the child as ensured in the Convention of Rights of child. A teacher should encourage them to express their views and should also encourage them to express if any of the rights of the same is violated (Ichilov, 2013). In my belief a teacher should have a clear understanding of the different cultures of a country to address the needs of children of diverse citizenships. In my opinion if children are treated equally without any biases and prejudices originating from their citizenships, they will feel that they are a part of a bigger and global community and will be more connected to the society. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that a teacher has a great responsibility of shaping the minds of the students and imparting education to them. However the values and attitudes of teachers impact their teaching practices greatly. The moral values and attitudes of teachers are reflected on their students. In my belief I believe that a teacher should take responsibility for the performance of his students. A teacher who does not respect his students does not earn the respect of his students in return. In my opinion, it can be said that a teacher should accept students from diverse backgrounds and communities and should treat them equally. A teacher should be well aware of the cultures of the different communities and should be tolerant to them. The teacher should respect the cultural differences of the students. In my belief a teacher should aim to educate students about citizenship of a nation and human rights associated to it. References: Archard, D. (2014).Children: Rights and childhood. Routledge. Australian Human Rights Commission | everyone, everywhere, everyday. (2017).Humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 28 November 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/ Bailey, R. (2014).Teaching values and citizenship across the curriculum: educating children for the world. Routledge. Banks, J. A. (2015).Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. Brookfield, S. (2017).Becoming a critically reflective teacher. John Wiley Sons. Derricott, R. (2014).Citizenship for the 21st century: An international perspective on education. Routledge. Gay, G. (2013). Teaching to and through cultural diversity.Curriculum Inquiry,43(1), 48-70. Harris Russell, C., McDonald, D., Jones, L. A., Weaver, L. (2016). The Continuum of Lens through Which Teachers View Cultural Differences: How Perceptions Impact Pedagogy.Journal of Family Strengths,16(1), 5. Ichilov, O. (2013).Citizenship and citizenship education in a changing world. Routledge. Stephens, J. M. (2015). Creating cultures of integrity: A multi-level intervention model for promoting academic honesty.Handbook of academic integrity, 1-10. Willemse, T. M., ten Dam, G., Geijsel, F., van Wessum, L., Volman, M. (2015). Fostering teachers' professional development for citizenship education.Teaching and Teacher Education,49, 118-127. Bowes, Jennifer Bowes, Jennifer, (editor.) Grace, Rebekah, (editor.) Hodge, Kerry, (editor.) (2012).Children, families and communities : contexts and consequences(Fourth edition). South Melbourne, Vic. Oxford University Press

Spectroscopic Method of Determination free essay sample

The purpose of this lab experiment is to determine the Ka value for the indicator bromcresol green using spectroscopy. Bromocresol green is a weak organic acid; therefore, it doesn’t reacte to completion, rather it reacts to a dynamic equilibrium, the point at which the rate of reactants turning to products is equal to the rate of products changing back into reactants. An acid (in terms of the bromsted-lowry definition) is a substance that donates H+ ions in a reaction. In bromcresol green, the acidic proton is the that is attached to the SO3- group. The acid, in this lab will be represented by a HB and the conjugate base will be represented by B- . The Ka value for this reaction would be: [H3O+][B-] / [HB] In this lab, the concentration of [H30+] will be determined by adjusting to a known value by using a buffer solution of HOAc and it’s conjugate base OAc-. We will write a custom essay sample on Spectroscopic Method of Determination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By adjusting the concentration of HOAc and it’s conjugate base in solution, we can control the amount of hydronium ion produced in solution. This will be done by using the equilibrium constant: Keq [H2O] = [H3O+] [OAc? ] = Ka = 1. 75 x 10? 5(8) [HOAc] Since the concentration of HOAc and it’s conjugate base are known , we can use the ratio of acid to base and the known Ka value to solve for [H3O+]. Then through spectroscopic techniques, using the ratio of wavelength to absorbance. By using the absorbance values of bromcresol green in it’s basic form, acidic form and intermediate form, we can calculate the ratio of [B-]/[HB] using the formula: [B-] = (Aobserved ? AHB) (5) HB] (AB- Aobserved) where the observed concentration refers to the intermediate concentration, HB refers to the absorbance of acidic concentration and B- refers to the absorbance of the bromocresol green of the basic solution. Then, using the ratio of base to acid and the hydronium ion concentration, the value of Ka can be calculated. Ka of the buffer solutions: 2: 5. 31110- f 3: 6. 57 x10-7 4: 2. 34 x10-6 5: 7. 48 x10-6 6: 1. 00 x10-5 Avera ge Ka value: 5. 15 x10-6 [pic] The average value of Ka was calculated at 5. 5 x 10-6 . The standard deviation was calculated to be 5. 96 x10-6. Any possible sources of error may have been derived from any deviations from the the absorbancy caused by the fact that the cuvette absorbed some of the wavelength. Based on this, we can say that the pH for bromocresol green would be ideal within the range of 3-5. According to the graph, the wavelength at which the absorbance of the acid solution, base solution and the intermediate solution was around 500 nm, at which the absorbance was.